Tricky Data 'Sputnik V' Developers Respond To Western...

Dear Sputnik, You are the main reason I wished so often to be born a couple of decades earlier than I actually was. Just imagine the sorrow of a space fan who barely missed the epochal event in 1957 that humanity had dreamed of for centuries: the launch of Earth's first artificial satellite...The United States knew that they would not be able to build a satellite like Sputnik I. The United States assumed that they When the Soviet Union successfully launched the Sputnik 1 the U.S was shocked. On the U.S first attempt to launch their satellite the rocket exploded, embarrassing the nation.Remember, while US politicians are long on chutzpah and narcissistic and messianic self-worship All of the above are why the US is waging hybrid war on Europe. The irony is the only salvation for EU It has become - through US scheming - an Economic Subcommittee of NATO which now overlays the...10 shares. The launch of Sputnik 60 years ago opened the space era and became a major triumph for the 'Like the Soviet Union, the United States was planning to launch a satellite as part of the Only two days after the launch did it come out with a banner headline and quotes of the foreign accolades....What did it's launch mean for Americans? i need an accurate answer because i have to do an The U.S. attempted earlier to launch satelites, but failed. Add to that, the Cold War and you got drama. When Russia launched Sputnik in 1957 the whole nation was concerned. The reason, Russia had...

Why did the United States suffer a loss of confidence following...

However, a number of US commentators and officials have warned that, far from just limiting the death toll from the virus, Sputnik V is actually a dangerous propaganda tool for the Kremlin. Speaking earlier this month, State Department spokesman Ned Price claimed that Moscow seeks to rubbish rival...Sputnik V. · Follow. Following. Video Unavailable. Regional officials shared the following numbers: 300,000 vaccinations in Moscow out of 12 million residents by January 31, 2021, 50 Serbia, meanwhile, has ordered 6.5 million doses from different manufacturers, including 2 million doses of 'Sputnik V'. According to the Serbian Why did the USSR bomb neutral Sweden during WWII?On 4 October 1957, the USSR successfully launched the Sputnik-1 earth satellite into space - an achievement that stunned the American public and press but not the US policy and intelligence communities. In June 1957, OSI reported that a Soviet launch of an earth satellite was imminent...On the following Friday evening the delegates to the conference were guests of a reception in the ballroom on the second floor of the Soviet embassy. A few months prior to the launching of Sputnik I We did have to improvise for coaxial panel connectors and T connectors. We just didn't have any...

The US war on Europe: a continental 911? | The Vineyard of the Saker

Why Was Sputnik Important? Sputnik was important because it led to a number of different space programs, in both the USSR and The USA It was the first man-made object into space It caused panic in the American people because they thought that the USSR was going to bomb them Space.The US assumed that they would be first into space, before the Soviets.Why did the US suffer a loss of confidence following the launch of Sputnik I? The US assumed that they would be first into space, before the Soviets. Which of the following was a NASA program that served as a bridge between human space flight and the moon landing?Yet it did help to throw other weaknesses of US imperialism into sharp relief. In the first place, Sputnik came just after real trauma in US domestic affairs There were other embarrassments and warnings for the US to come. The loss of Cuba to Castro in 1959 - followed by the fiasco of the failed invasion...The Launch of Sputnik 1. The US government, which was also preparing to do the first launch, was shocked by the news of the Soviet launch. Previously, in 1955, President Dwight D Eisenhower had initiated such a project, allocated huge resources and assigned various departments.

Jump to navigation Jump to search Replica of Sputnik 1 This article is a component of a sequence aboutDwight D. Eisenhower Early Life Military OccupationWorld War II Supreme Allied Commander in Europe D-Day Operation OverlordSurrender of Germany VE-DayCrusade in EuropePresident of the United States Presidency TimelineFirst Term Draft movement1952 marketing campaign Election 1st InaugurationKorean War Atoms for PeaceCold War New Look Domino theoryInterstate Highway SystemSecond Term 1956 campaign Election second InaugurationEisenhower DoctrineSputnik disaster Missile gapNDEA NASA DARPACivil Rights Act of 1957 Little Rock NineU-2 incident Farewell Deal withPost-Presidency Legacy Presidential library and museum Tributes and memorials

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The Sputnik disaster was a period of public concern and nervousness in Western nations about the perceived technological hole between the United States and Soviet Union led to through the Soviets' launch of Sputnik 1, the global's first artificial satellite.[1] The disaster was once a significant match in the Cold War that precipitated the creation of NASA and the Space Race between the two superpowers. The satellite tv for pc used to be launched on October 4, 1957, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. This created a crisis response in nationwide newspapers similar to the New York Times, which mentioned the satellite in 279 articles between October 6, 1957, and October 31, 1957 (more than 11 articles according to day).[2]

Background

The US was the dominant global power in the early 1950s. Lockheed U-2 secret agent airplane flights over the Soviet Union supplied intelligence that the US held the benefit in nuclear capacity.[3][4] However, an schooling hole was recognized when studies performed between 1955 and 1961 reported that the Soviet Union was training two to three instances as many scientists in step with year as the US.[5] The launch and orbit of Sputnik 1 instructed that the Soviet Union had made a substantial bounce ahead in technology, which was once interpreted as a critical danger to US national safety, which spurred the US to make substantial federal investments in research and development, schooling, and nationwide security.[3] The Juno I rocket that carried the first US satellite Explorer 1 have been able to launch in 1956, however the fact was once categorized and unknown to the public.[6] The Army's PGM-19 Jupiter from which Juno was derived have been mothballed on the orders of Defense Secretary Charles Erwin Wilson amid interservice competition with the US Air Force's PGM-17 Thor.[6]

Launch

Main article: Sputnik 1 § Launch and mission

The Soviets used ICBM technology to launch Sputnik into space, which gave them two propaganda advantages over the US directly: the capacity to send the satellite into orbit and proof of the distance features of their missiles.[7] That proved that the Soviets had rockets succesful of sending nuclear weapons to Western Europe or even North America. That was the most fast threat that Sputnik 1 posed. The United States, a land with a historical past of geographical safety from European wars as a result of of its distance, abruptly seemed prone.

A contributing factor to the Sputnik disaster was once that the Soviets had no longer launched a photograph of the satellite tv for pc for five days after the launch.[7] Until then, its look remained a mystery to Americans. Another issue used to be its weight of 184 kilos (83 kg), in comparison to US plans to launch a satellite of 21.Five pounds (9.8 kg).[7] The Soviet claim gave the impression outrageous to many American officers, who doubted its accuracy. US rockets then produced 150,000 pounds-force (670,000 N) of thrust, and US officials presumed that the Soviet rocket that launched Sputnik into space must have produced 200,000 pounds-force (890,000 N) of thrust. In truth, the R-7 rocket that launched Sputnik 1 into area produced nearly one million pounds-force (4,400,000 N) of thrust.[7] All of the ones factors contributed to the Americans' belief that they have been a great deal in the back of the Soviets in the construction of area applied sciences.

Hours after the launch, the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Astronomy Department rigged an advert hoc interferometer to measure signals from the satellite.[1]Donald B. Gillies and Jim Snyder programmed the ILLIAC I pc to calculate the satellite tv for pc orbit from this knowledge. The programming and calculation was completed in lower than two days. The rapid newsletter of the ephemeris (orbit) in the journal Nature inside a month of the satellite tv for pc launch[8] helped to dispel some of the fears created by means of the Sputnik launch. It additionally lent credence to the spurious concept that the Sputnik launch was once phase of an organized effort to dominate house.[9]

The successful launch of Sputnik 1 after which the subsequent failure of the first two Project Vanguard launch makes an attempt very much accentuated the US belief of a threat from the Soviet Union that had persevered since the Cold War had begun after World War II. The similar rocket that launched Sputnik may send a nuclear warhead anyplace in the world in a matter of minutes, which would strip the Continental United States of its oceanic defenses. The Soviets had demonstrated that capability on 21 August via a 6,000-kilometer (3,700 mi) test flight of the R-7 booster. The match was once introduced through TASS five days later and used to be broadly reported in different media.[10]

Eisenhower's reaction

Five days after the launch of Sputnik 1, the global's first artificial satellite, US President Dwight Eisenhower addressed the American other folks. After being requested via a reporter on security concerns about the Soviet satellite, Eisenhower mentioned, "Now, so far as the satellite itself is concerned, that does not raise my apprehensions, not one iota."[7]

Eisenhower made the argument that Sputnik was once only a clinical achievement and now not a military risk or change in international power. He believed that Sputnik's weight "was not commensurate with anything of great military significance, and that was also a factor in putting it in [proper] perspective."[7]

In 1958, Eisenhower declared three "stark facts" the United States had to confront:

The Soviets had surpassed the Americas and "the rest of the free world" in clinical and technological developments in outer space. If the Soviets maintained that superiority, they might use it as a method to undermine the Americans status and management. If the Soviets became the first to reach significantly-superior army capability in outer space and created an imbalance of power, they might pose a direct army threat to the US.[11]

Eisenhower adopted this statement by pronouncing that the United States had to meet those demanding situations with "resourcefulness and vigor."[11] His ability to challenge confidence about the state of affairs was once restricted as a result of his confidence was once in response to clandestine reconnaissance[11] and so he did not quell the fears that there was a shift in power between the Americans and Soviets.[11] The belief of the Soviets being extra trendy than the Americans was once reinforced by Eisenhower's outdated style.[12] The launch of Sputnik 1 additionally impacted Eisenhower's rankings in his polls, however he sooner or later recovered.[7]

Media and political influences

Soviet stamp depicting Sputnik's orbit around Earth

The media stirred a ethical panic via writing sensational items on the tournament. In the first and moment days following the match, The New York Times wrote that the launch of Sputnik 1 was once a main global propaganda and status triumph for Russian communism.[13] It was once after the folks of the United States had been exposed to a multitude of news reviews that it turn out to be a "nation in shock."[13] The media now not handiest reported public fear but additionally created the hysteria.[13] Journalists greatly exaggerated the threat of the Soviet satellite for their own get advantages.[13] On October 9, 1957, the notable science fiction creator and scientist Arthur C. Clarke stated that the day that Sputnik orbited around the Earth, the US was a second-rate power.[13]

Politicians used the tournament to reinforce their scores in polls.[7] Research and building used to be used as a propaganda tool, and Congress spent massive sums of cash on the perceived downside of US technological deficiency.[12] After the launch of Sputnik 1 nationwide safety advisers overvalued the Soviets' current and doable rocket power, which alarmed parts of Congress and the government branch.[13] When these estimations had been released, Eisenhower was compelled into an speeded up missile race to soothe the ones occupied with America's protection.[13] Sputnik provoked Congress into taking motion on bettering the US standing in the fields of science.

Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet chief, mirrored on the event through announcing, "It always sounded good to say in public speeches that we could hit a fly at any distance with our missiles. Despite the wide radius of destruction caused by our nuclear warheads, pinpoint accuracy was still necessary – and it was difficult to achieve."[7] At the time, Khrushchev stated that "our potential enemies cringe in fright."[7] The political analyst Samuel Lubell carried out research on public opinion about Sputnik and found "no evidence at all of any panic or hysteria in the public's reaction," which showed that it used to be an elite, no longer a standard, panic.[13]

Response

United States

The launch spurred a sequence of US tasks[14] starting from protection to training. Increased emphasis used to be placed on the US Navy's Project Vanguard to launch an American satellite tv for pc into orbit. There was once a renewed pastime in the existing Explorer program, which introduced the first American satellite tv for pc into orbit on January 31, 1958.[15] In February 1958, Eisenhower licensed formation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which was once later renamed to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), inside the Department of Defense (DoD) to broaden emerging applied sciences for the US military. On July 29, 1958, he signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, the advent of NASA.[14]

Less than a yr after the Sputnik launch, Congress handed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA). It used to be a four-year program that poured billions of dollars into the US schooling gadget. In 1953, the executive spent 3 million, and schools took million of that investment, but via 1960, the mixed funding grew virtually six-fold as a result of of the NDEA.[16] After the initial public surprise, the Space Race started, which resulted in the first human introduced into space, Project Apollo, and the first people to land on the Moon in 1969.[17]

Campaigning in 1960 on final the "missile gap,"[18] Eisenhower's successor, John F. Kennedy, promised to deploy 1,000 Minuteman missiles. That used to be many more ICBMs than the Soviets had at the time.[19] Though Kennedy did no longer choose a massive US manned area program when he was once in the US Senate during Eisenhower's time period, public reaction to the Soviet's launch of the first human into orbit, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961 led Kennedy to lift the stakes of the Space Race through environment the goal of touchdown males on the Moon. Kennedy claimed, "If the Soviets control space they can control the earth, as in past centuries the nation that controlled the seas dominated the continents."[12] Eisenhower disagreed with Kennedy's function and referred to it as a "stunt."[7] Kennedy had privately stated that the area race used to be a waste of money, however he knew there were benefits from a frightened voters.[12] The Space Race was much less about its intrinsic importance and more about status and calming the public.

The Sputnik crisis sparked the American force to retake the lead in house exploration from the Soviets, and it fueled its pressure to land men on the Moon.[11] American officials had a variety of evaluations at the time, some registering alarm and others dismissing the satellite tv for pc. Gerald Ford, a Republican US consultant from Michigan, had mentioned, "We Middle Westerners are sometimes called isolationists. I don't agree with the label; but there can be no isolationists anywhere when a thermonuclear warhead can flash down from space at hypersonic speed to reach any spot on Earth minutes after its launching."[7] Former US Rear Admiral Rawson Bennett, leader of naval operations, stated that Sputnik was once a "hunk of iron almost anybody could launch."[7]

The Sputnik crisis additionally spurred considerable transformation in the US science policy, which supplied a lot of the basis for modern instructional clinical research.[20] By the mid-Sixties, NASA was once providing nearly 10% of the federal funds for tutorial analysis.[20]

Further expansion used to be made in the investment and analysis of space weapons and missile protection in the form of anti-ballistic missile proposals.[11] Education methods were initiated to foster a new generation of engineers and make stronger was dramatically greater for scientific research.[21] Congress greater the National Science Foundation (NSF) appropriation for 1959 to 4 million, nearly 0 million upper than the yr prior to. By 1968, the NSF price range stood at nearly 0 million.

According to Marie Thorsten, Americans skilled a "techno-other void" after the Sputnik disaster and still specific longing for "another Sputnik" to spice up schooling and innovation. In the 1980s, the upward thrust of Japan (each its automobile business and its 5th technology computing undertaking) served to fan the fears of a "technology gap" with Japan. After the Sputnik disaster, leaders exploited an "awe doctrine" to organize studying "around a single model of educational national security, with math and science serving for supremacy in science and engineering, foreign languages and cultures for potential espionage, and history and humanities for national self-definition." US leaders were not able to take advantage of the image of Japan as successfully, in spite of its representations of supersmart scholars and a strong economic system.[22]

United Kingdom

In Britain, the launch of the first Sputnik provoked surprise, blended with elation at experiencing the crack of dawn of the Space Age. It used to be also a reminder of the nation's decline on the world level. The disaster soon changed into section of the broader Cold War narrative.[23] Much of the public anxiety that did exist was dispelled when the Soviets launched Laika (one of a number of house dogs sent into house all over the 1950s and 1960s) into area in November 1957 aboard Sputnik 2, which was once seen less as a risk and more as a propaganda maneuver to motive turmoil.[12]

See additionally

International Geophysical Year Timeline of occasions in the Cold War

References

^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.quotationfont-style:inherit.mw-parser-output .citation qquotes:"\"""\"""'""'".mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free abackground:linear-gradient(clear,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-registration abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")appropriate 0.1em center/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .quotation .cs1-lock-subscription abackground:linear-gradient(clear,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em heart/9px no-repeat.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registrationcolour:#555.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration spanborder-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:lend a hand.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon abackground:linear-gradient(transparent,clear),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")correct 0.1em center/12px no-repeat.mw-parser-output code.cs1-codecolor:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-errorshow:none;font-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-errorfont-size:100%.mw-parser-output .cs1-maintshow:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em.mw-parser-output .cs1-formatfont-size:95%.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-leftpadding-left:0.2em.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-rightpadding-right:0.2em.mw-parser-output .quotation .mw-selflinkfont-weight:inherit"Some History of the Department of Astronomy". University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from the unique on 4 May 2007. ^ "various articles, see link for the search". New York Times. Oct 6–31, 1957. ^ a b Kay, Sean (April–May 2013). "America's Sputnik Moments". Survival. 55 (2): 123–146. doi:10.1080/00396338.2013.784470. S2CID 154455156. ^ Bradley Lightbody (1999). The Cold War. Psychology Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-415-19526-3. ^ Kaiser, David (2006). "The Physics of Spin: Sputnik Politics and American Physicists in the 1950s". Social Research. ^ a b Macdougall, Ian (August 15, 2016). "The Leak Prosecution That Lost the Space Race". The Atlantic. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Mieczkowski, Yanek (2013). Eisenhower's Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige. United States: Cornell University Press. pp. 11. ISBN 978-0-8014-5150-8. ^ King, I. R.; McVittie, G. C.; Swenson, G. W.; Wyatt, S. P. (9 November 1957). "Further observations of the first satellite". Nature (4593): 943. Bibcode:1957Natur.180..943K. doi:10.1038/180943a0. S2CID 4273102. ^ Isachenkov, Vladimir (1 October 2007). "Secrets of Sputnik Launch Revealed". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014. ^ Harford, James (1997). "Korolev's Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3, adapted from James J. Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon". ^ a b c d e f Peoples, Columba (2008). "Sputnik and 'Skill Thinking' Revisited: Technological Determinism in American Responses to the Soviet Missile Threat". Cold War History. 8: 55–75. doi:10.1080/14682740701791334. S2CID 154436145. ^ a b c d e DeGroot, Gerard (December 2007). "Sputnik 1957". American History. ^ a b c d e f g h McQuaid, Kim (2007). "Sputnik Reconsidered: Image and Reality in the Early Space Age". Canadian Review of American Studies. 37 (3): 371–401. doi:10.3138/cras.37.3.371. ^ a b History Channel (2012a). ^ Schefter (1999), pp. 25–26. ^ Layman & Tompkins (1994), p. 190. ^ DeNooyer (2007). ^ Dickson (2003), pp. 5–6, 160–162. ^ Dickson (2003), pp. 213–214. ^ a b Geiger, Roger (1997). "What Happened After Sputnik? Shaping University Research in the United States". Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy. ^ Totten, Michael (26 September 2013). "The Effects of the Cold War on us Education". Education Space 360. Archived from the unique on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2014.CS1 maint: bot: original URL standing unknown (link) ^ Thorsten (2012), p. 74. ^ Barnett, Nicholas (May 2013). "Russia Wins Space Race: The British Press and the Sputnik Moment, 1957" (PDF). Media History. 19 (2): 182–195. doi:10.1080/13688804.2013.791419. hdl:10026.1/9394. S2CID 142319531.

Bibliography

Books Bruccoli, Matthew J.; Bondi, Victor; Baughman, Judith (1994). Layman, Richard; Tompkins, Vincent (eds.). American Decades: 1950–1959. Vol. 6. Detroit: Gale Research. ISBN 0-810-35727-5. |volume= has additional textual content (assist) Burrows, William E. (1999). This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age. New York: The Modern Library. ISBN 978-0-375-75485-2. Brzezinski, Matthew (2007). Red Moon Rising : Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ignited the Space Age. New York: Times Books. ISBN 9780805081473. Cadbury, Deborah (2006). Space Race: The Epic Battle Between America and The Soviet Union for Dominion of Space. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 978-0-06-084553-7. Chaikin, Andrew (1994). A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-81446-6. Crompton, Samuel (2007). Sputnik/Explorer 1 : The Race to Conquer Space. New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 9780791093573. Dickson, Paul (2003). Sputnik: The Shock of the Century. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 0-425-18843-4. Hardesty, Von; Eisman, Gene (2007). Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race. Foreword via Sergei Krushchev. Washington, D.C: National Geographic. ISBN 9781426201196. Neufeld, Michael J. (2007). Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-307-26292-9. Ordway III, Frederick I.; Sharpe, Mitchell (2007). The Rocket Team. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 978-1-894959-82-7. Roman, Peter (1995). Eisenhower and the Missile Gap. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801427975. Schefter, James (1999). The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-49253-7. Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003). Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-2627-X. Spitzmiller, Ted (2006). Astronautics: A Historical Perspective of Mankind's Efforts to Conquer the Cosmos. Book 1 — Dawn of the Space Age. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 978-1-894959-63-6. Thorsten, Marie (2012). Superhuman Japan: Knowledge, Nation and Culture in US-Japan Relations. Oxon, UK: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41426-5.Other online resources DeNooyer, Rushmore (2007-11-06). "Sputnik Declassified". NOVA (Transcript). PBS. Archived from the authentic on 2012-10-09. "July 29: NASA Created". This Day in History. New York: History Channel. 2012. Archived from the unique on 2012-10-08. "October 4: Sputnik launched". This Day in History. New York: History Channel. 2012. Archived from the unique on 2012-10-09. Launius, Roger D. (2005). "Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age". Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age. Washington, D.C.: NASA. Archived from the original on 2012-09-17.

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Bailey Michael Beschloss Archie Brown Warren H. Carroll Adrian Cioroianu John Costello Michael Cox Nicholas J. Cull Willem Drees Robert D. English Herbert Feis Robert Hugh Ferrell André Fontaine Anneli Ute Gabanyi John Lewis Gaddis Lloyd Gardner Timothy Garton Ash Gabriel Gorodetsky Fred Halliday Jussi Hanhimäki John Earl Haynes Patrick J. Hearden Tvrtko Jakovina Tony Judt Harvey Klehr Gabriel Kolko Walter LaFeber Walter Laqueur Melvyn Leffler Geir Lundestad Mary Elise Sarotte Vojtech Mastny Jack F. Matlock Jr. Thomas J. McCormick Timothy Naftali Marius Oprea David S. Painter William B. Pickett Ronald E. Powaski Yakov M. Rabkin Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. Ellen Schrecker Giles Scott-Smith Shen Zhihua Athan Theoharis Andrew Thorpe Vladimir Tismăneanu Patrick Vaughan Alex von Tunzelmann Odd Arne Westad William Appleman Williams Jonathan Reed Winkler Rudolph Winnacker Ken YoungEspionage and intelligence List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States Soviet espionage in the United States Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation CIA and the Cultural Cold War CIA SS (MI5) SIS (MI6) KGB StasiSee also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet Union–United States family members USSR–USA summits Russia–NATO family members War on terror Brinkmanship Second Cold War Russian Revolution Category Commons Timeline List of conflicts vtePolitics of outer houseGeneral Sparefaring countries Space policy Space site visitors management Space particles control Space Debris Working Group Space Debris Committee Planetary coverage principle Post-detection coverage Asteroid impact Prediction Avoidance Spaceguard The Spaceguard FoundationSpace races Cold War house race Sputnik crisis Missile gap Timeline Asian space race Billionaire area race Mars race Records Space propaganda Space pageantChinese house program Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966-1976) Shuguang program (1966-1972) Chinese ASAT program (1964-) 2007 take a look at Project 921 (1992-) Shenzhou program Tiangong program Space station Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003-) Mars and beyond MARS-500 find out about Yinghuo-1 Tianwen-1EU house coverage DG Defence Industry and Space European GNSS Agency EU Agency for the Space Programme EU Satellite Centre European Cooperation for Space Standardization Galileo programme Copernicus programme Luxembourg Space Act French house programme German house programme Mars and beyond Mars Exploration Joint Initiative MARS-500 find out about Aurora programme ExoMarsIndian house policy Department of Space Indian Human Spaceflight Programme Space Activities Bill Indian ASAT programme Mission ShaktiBritish space program Outer Space Act 1986 Space Innovation and Growth Team UK Space Agency Space Industry Act 2018 UK Global Navigation Satellite SystemUS house coverageTruman space coverage Operation Paperclip Aerobee rocket program RAND Establishment of Cape CanaveralEisenhower house coverage WS-117L Project Vanguard Sputnik disaster 1958 NASA Act Introduction to Outer Space Man in Space Soonest Project MercuryKennedy space policy Launch of the Mariner program Launch of the Apollo program We select to go to the MoonJohnson house coverage Moon touchdownNixon area policy Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law Launch of the Space Shuttle Program SkylabFord space coverage Apollo–Soyuz Launch of the Viking programCarter area policy Reagan area coverage Citizen's Advisory Council Strategy of Technology doctrine Strategic Defense Initiative Space Station Freedom proposal 1984 Space Act 1985 anti-satellite missile check Space Shuttle Challenger disaster Rogers Report Ride ReportGeorge H. W. Bush space policy Space Exploration Initiative 1990 Augustine Committee Hubble National Space CouncilClinton area policy Faster, better, inexpensive Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission ISS Shuttle-Mir Program ISS Program Politics Launch of the Mars Exploration Program 1998 Space Act Decadal Planning TeamGeorge W. Bush area policy Aerospace Industry Commission 2002 National missile protection directive Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Vision for Space Exploration Aldridge Commission ESAS 2005 NASA Act Launch of the Constellation program Operation Burnt FrostObama house policy 2009 Augustine Committee Kennedy Space Center speech Cancellation of the Constellation program Launch of the Space Launch System program Redesign of the Orion program Flexible path Mars Exploration Joint Initiative 2010 NASA Act Title 51 Space Shuttle retirement Development of the Commercial Crew Program 2014 NASA Act 2015 Space ActTrump area policy Re-establishment of the National Space Council Creation of the Space Force Launch of the Artemis program Launch of the Lunar Gateway undertaking Executive Order 13959Biden space policy General China exclusion policy of NASA International Traffic in Arms Regulations Full-spectrum dominance doctrine Budget of NASA House Committee on Space Office of Space CommerceUSSR and RussiaSoviet area programStalin Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)Khrushchev Sputnik program Sputnik disaster (1957) Vostok program (1960-1963) Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960-1982) Soviet crewed lunar methods (1961-1976) Voskhod program (1964-1966)Brezhnev Soyuz program (1967-) Interkosmos (1967-1991) Salyut program (1971-1986) Almaz (1973-1977) Buran program (1974-1993) Apollo–Soyuz (1975)Gorbachev Mir (1986-2001)Russian house programYeltsin Creation of the Russian Federal Space Agency Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission ISS (1993-) Shuttle-Mir program ISS Program PoliticsPutin Medvedev Medvedev modernisation programme 2010 Military doctrinePutin United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013-2015) 2014 Military doctrine 2015 Creation of Roscosmos Mars MARS-500 study ExoMarsOther policies Australian house program Brazilian space program Japanese house program Kazakh area program North Korean house program Lebanese house program Pakistani space program Space programme 2040 Philippine area program Kenyan area program Ugandan space tasks UAE space programUnited Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs UN-SPIDER Space Generation Advisory Council Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space General Assembly Fourth CommitteeSpace law Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963) Outer Space Treaty (1967) Rescue Agreement (1968) Space Liability Convention (1972) US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972) Satellite Convention (1974) Registration Convention (1975) Bogota Declaration (1976) Moon Treaty (1979) Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981) Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012) Artemis Accords (2020) Space jurisdiction Common heritage of mankind Extraterrestrial real propertyCommercial use Space business India Russia UK US Private spaceflight Launch market pageant Space tourism Space advertising Space era Space-based economic system Space business Space production Lunar assets Project Harvest Moon Asteroid miningMilitarisationSpace forces,gadgets and formations Space forces China France Iran Russia US History Structure Ranks and insignia Space instructions France India NATO NORAD UK USSpace conflict Space area consciousness Space weapon Anti-satellite weapon China India Russia US Kinetic bombardment Kill automobile Missile protection Military satellite Reconnaissance satellite tv for pc SpaceairplaneSpace businesses CNSA CSA ESA ISRO JAXA NASA Roscosmos UAESASpace advocacy Alliance for Space Development National Space Society Space Frontier Foundation Mars Society Moon Society Students for the Exploration and Development of Space Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies British Interplanetary Society Coalition for Deep Space Exploration International Astronautical Federation Lunar Explorers Society Space Exploration Alliance Space Fellowship Space Force Association Space Foundation The Planetary Society Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sputnik_crisis&oldid=1016741198"